Identification of subtypes of type I and II diabetes mellitus - ANDIS study - men and women
Diagnosis of LADA-type diabetes mellitus
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Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus' subtypes
LADA - Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults - It is the autoimmune diabetes that begins in adulthood and does not require insulin for glycemic control, at least for the first six months after diagnosis, due to the fact that the autoimmune process that destroys pancreatic β-cells evolves more slowly than in type 1 diabetes. It is sometimes also called diabetes 1.5. It has genetic, immunological and metabolic features common with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus with a progressively unfavorable course.
SIDD - Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes - This first cluster comprises 13-17% of the individuals included in the study. These subjects have high HbA1c but compared to the other groups they are younger, with lower levels of BMI, C-peptide and HDL-cholesterol. Compared to the original ANDIS-HOMA2 study clusters this cluster was most similar to the SIDD cluster (type I, non-autoimmune, insulin-dependent diabetes).
SIRD - Severe Insulin Resistant Diabetes - Between 9% and 22% of study subjects were in this group, with high C-peptide levels and older age, but with relatively lower HbA1c and HDL-cholesterol levels, suggesting insulin resistance. Compared to the ANDIS-HOMA2 clusters, this cluster most closely resembles the SIRD cluster (type II, severe insulin-resistant diabetes).
MOD - Mild Obesity-Related Diabetes - The third group included participants with high BMI, the youngest age, and lower levels of HbA1c and HDL-cholesterol. It is most similar to the MOD cluster described in the ANDIS-HOMA2 study.
MD - Mild Diabetes - The fourth group of subjects, which is also the largest, comprised 29-35% of individuals, did not show extreme characteristics and was called mild diabetes (MD). It is associated with the MARD cluster(type II, moderate age-related diabetes) in the ANDIS-HOMA2 study.
MDH - Mild Diabetes with high HDL-cholesterol - The fifth group is characterized by older age and higher HDL cholesterol and has been called moderate diabetes associated with high HDL cholesterol. It comprises 16-19% of the individuals in the study. It is also related to the MARD cluster in the ANDIS-HOMA2 study. It has the slowest progression to insulin treatment.